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Keywords: Persian literature, Indian literature, Mahabharata, Atharvaveda, Muslim poetry, folkloric punthi literature, devotional literature, unity,ÌýqasidaA polythematic poem originating in pre-Islamic Arabia. It has come to refer to any poem of a certain length in Arabic, Persian and Turkish literatures, often including the eulogy of… More, ghazal,Ìýmathnawi, madh, na‘t, marthiya, naziras,Ìýdiwan,ÌýdhikrLit. ‘the act of reminding’; ‘remembrance’. The ²Ï³Ü°ù’a²Ô exhorts individuals to remember God: ‘Oh ye who believe! Remember (udhkurÅ«) God with much remembrance (dhikran kathÄ«ran)’ (Q. 33:41). Dhikr designates a…, virahini,Ìýginan, qawwali,Ìýhadith,Ìýulama,ÌýpirLit. ‘elder.’ (like the Arabic shaykh). Spiritual director (=murshid), who may be the founder of a Sufi á¹­arÄ«qa. The earliest Qasim Shahi Imams were referred to as pirs. In the…,Ìý²Ï³Ü°ù’a²ÔMuslims believe that the Holy ²Ï³Ü°ù’a²Ô contains divine revelations to the Prophet Muhammed received in Mecca and Medina over a period of 23 years in the early 7th century CE. More,ÌýShi‘a, sama, Shah Wali Allah,ÌýSayyid Amah Khan, Mirza Ghalib, Aligarh, Sir Muhammad Iqbal.

Abstract: The largest concentration of Muslims in the world today is in the South Asian nations of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. For over twelve centuries the region has been home to a magnificent Islamic civilisation that has profoundly affected all aspects of South Asian culture and life. The achievements of this civilisation are legendary. The Taj Mahal, the monumental mosques, palaces, forts, and pleasure gardens that dot the Subcontinents landscape, as well as exquisite miniature paintings and intricate marble lattice-work, are just a few of its more notable products. The civilisation has also nurtured several of the worlds greatest rulers, artists, mystics and poets, many of whose writings have endured as literary masterpieces still recited today.

*The article was modified by the author in 2006 from a version originally published in The Muslim Almanac (Gale Research, Inc.Detroit, MI: 1996), p.355-364, ed. A. Nanji.